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Chemical substances produced by the body that excite pain receptors include bradykinin, serotonin, and histamine. Prostaglandins are fatty acids that are released when inflammation occurs and can heighten the pain sensation by sensitizing the nerve endings; that increase in sensitivity is called hyperalgesia.
- Which chemical is responsible for pain?
- Which of the following is responsible for alerting the brain that there is something wrong in the body such as damaged tissue or pain?
- Which condition is a heightened response that occurs after exposure to a noxious stimulus?
- What neuron is responsible for pain?
- Which neurotransmitter is associated with pain?
- Which substance is responsible for activating pain receptors?
- What makes up the central nervous system?
- What is the nervous system responsible for?
- Which substance reduces the transmission of pain?
- What is hyperalgesia and allodynia?
- What contributes to hyperalgesia at the location of an injury?
- How is pain produced?
- What is glutamate function?
- What is substance P and glutamate?
- How does glutamate cause pain?
- How does the CNS modulate pain?
Which chemical is responsible for pain?
Several neurotransmitters are involved in carrying the nociceptive message. However, glutamate and substance P (SP) are the main neurotransmitters associated with the sensation of pain.
Which of the following is responsible for alerting the brain that there is something wrong in the body such as damaged tissue or pain?
Nociceptors are sensory receptors that detect signals from damaged tissue or the threat of damage and indirectly also respond to chemicals released from the damaged tissue.
Which condition is a heightened response that occurs after exposure to a noxious stimulus?
Hyperalgesia is a hallmark of inflammatory pain and is a consequence of many types of tissue insults (ranging from a skin incision to nerve injury). It is defined as an increased response to a noxious stimulus and manifests as an increased sensitivity to pain (Treede et al. 1992; Campbell and Meyer 2006).
What neuron is responsible for pain?
The sensory endings that are activated by such stimuli are known as nociceptors, which are mainly responsible for the first stage of pain sensations. Fundamentally, the Aδ- and C-fibers are two types of primary afferent nociceptors responding to noxious stimuli presented in our bodies' [7].
Which neurotransmitter is associated with pain?
Glutamate is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the nervous system of adult mammals. Among the neurotransmitters involved in pain transmission from the periphery to the brain, glutamate has a leading role. Glutamate is also involved in central sensitization, which is associated with chronic pain.
Which substance is responsible for activating pain receptors?
Chemical substances produced by the body that excite pain receptors include bradykinin, serotonin, and histamine. Prostaglandins are fatty acids that are released when inflammation occurs and can heighten the pain sensation by sensitizing the nerve endings; that increase in sensitivity is called hyperalgesia.
What makes up the central nervous system?
The central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system is made up of nerves that branch off from the spinal cord and extend to all parts of the body.
What is the nervous system responsible for?
The nervous system helps all the parts of the body to communicate with each other. It also reacts to changes both outside and inside the body. The nervous system uses both electrical and chemical means to send and receive messages.
Which substance reduces the transmission of pain?
Endogenous opioids are found throughout the central nervous system (CNS) and prevent the release of some excitatory neurotransmitters, for example, substance P, therefore, inhibiting the transmission of pain impulses.
What is hyperalgesia and allodynia?
Allodynia (pain due to a stimulus that does not usually provoke pain) and hyperalgesia (increased pain from a stimulus that usually provokes pain) are prominent symptoms in patients with neuropathic pain.
What contributes to hyperalgesia at the location of an injury?
Hyperalgesia is a condition in which you experience an enhanced sensitivity to pain. This is caused by specific nerve receptors in your body becoming more sensitive. Hyperalgesia can develop due to tissue or nerve injury as part of a surgery or procedure. It can also occur in people who are taking opioids.
How is pain produced?
When we feel pain, such as when we touch a hot stove, sensory receptors in our skin send a message via nerve fibres (A-delta fibres and C fibres) to the spinal cord and brainstem and then onto the brain where the sensation of pain is registered, the information is processed and the pain is perceived.
What is glutamate function?
Glutamate is an important neurotransmitter present in over 90% of all brain synapses and is a naturally occurring molecule that nerve cells use to send signals to other cells in the central nervous system. Glutamate plays an essential role in normal brain functioning and its levels must be tightly regulated.
What is substance P and glutamate?
The sensory function of substance P is thought to be related to the transmission of pain information into the central nervous system. Substance P coexists with the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate in primary afferents that respond to painful stimulation.
How does glutamate cause pain?
Glutamate is also involved in central sensitization, which is associated with chronic pain. Glutamate action is mediated through ionotropic and metabotropic receptors. Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) are ligand-gated ion channels involved in the fast synaptic response to glutamate.
How does the CNS modulate pain?
The pain information in the CNS is controlled by ascending and descending inhibitory systems, using endogenous opioids, or other endogenous substances like serotonin as inhibitory mediators. In addition, a powerful inhibition of pain-related information occurs in the spinal cord.
