What special defenses do spores and capsules have?

1. What is the difference between a spore and a capsule?
2. What is the virulence of a microorganism that has a capsule?
3. What is the main function of the capsule of bacteria?
4. How does bacterial capsule prevent phagocytosis?
5. What is the importance of the capsule in pathology?
6. How is capsule formation influenced by environmental conditions?
7. Why are capsules advantageous to bacteria?
8. How will the capsule contribute to the ability of bacteria to invade the host?
9. Why is the bacterial capsule considered a virulence factor?
10. What is the function of capsule in prokaryotic cell?
11. What host defense is prevented by the capsule of some pathogenic bacteria?
12. What special advantage does the capsule confer on the pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae?
13. Which bacteria have capsules that interfere with phagocytosis?
14. What function does the capsule have for Streptococcus mutans?

What is the difference between a spore and a capsule?

is that sporangium is (botany|mycology) a case, capsule, or container in which spores are produced by an organism while capsule is (physiology) a membranous envelope.

What is the virulence of a microorganism that has a capsule?

The capsule is considered a virulence factor because it enhances the ability of bacteria to cause disease (e.g. prevents phagocytosis). The capsule can protect cells from engulfment by eukaryotic cells, such as macrophages. ... Capsules also contain water which protects the bacteria against desiccation.

What is the main function of the capsule of bacteria?

Capsules can protect a bacterial cell from ingestion and destruction by white blood cells (phagocytosis). While the exact mechanism for escaping phagocytosis is unclear, it may occur because capsules make bacterial surface components more slippery, helping the bacterium to escape engulfment by phagocytic cells.

How does bacterial capsule prevent phagocytosis?

Capsules can resist unenhanced attachment by by preventing pathogen-associated molecular patterns or from binding to endocytic pattern-recognition receptors on the surface of the phagocytes. The capsules of some bacteria interfere with the body's complement pathway defenses.

What is the importance of the capsule in pathology?

Capsules have a significant role in determining access of certain molecules to the cell membrane, mediating adherence to surfaces, and increasing tolerance of desiccation. Furthermore, capsules of many pathogenic bacteria impair phagocytosis (22, 29, 30) and reduce the action of complement-mediated killing (7, 31, 35).

How is capsule formation influenced by environmental conditions?

The size of the capsule is influenced by a variety of host and environmental factors that include host tissue location, CO ₂ levels, serum, temperature, and the availability of nutrients such as iron and glucose ^{10, 12}.

Why are capsules advantageous to bacteria?

A durable and dense mucilage covering is the capsule. It gives bacteria protection against the immune system of the host. As it increases the capacity of bacteria to cause disease ( e.g. prevents phagocytosis), the capsule is called a virulence factor.

How will the capsule contribute to the ability of bacteria to invade the host?

The composition of the capsule prevents immune cells from being able to adhere and then phagocytose the cell. In addition, the capsule makes the bacterial cell much larger, making it harder for immune cells to engulf the pathogen (Figure 8).

Why is the bacterial capsule considered a virulence factor?

The bacterial capsule is also considered a virulence factor as it enhances the ability of bacteria to cause disease by preventing phagocytosis.

What is the function of capsule in prokaryotic cell?

The capsule helps prokaryotes cling to each other and to various surfaces in their environment, and also helps prevent the cell from drying out. In the case of disease-causing prokaryotes that have colonized the body of a host organism, the capsule or slime layer may also protect against the host's immune system.

What host defense is prevented by the capsule of some pathogenic bacteria?

Due to its exposure to the environment capsules are thought to have roles in the virulence and colonisation of a number of pathogenic bacteria. Capsules can help to prevent bacterial desiccation, foil phagocytosis by host cells or reduce complement-mediated lysis.

What special advantage does the capsule confer on the pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae?

Capsule enhances pneumococcal colonization by limiting mucus-mediated clearance.

Which bacteria have capsules that interfere with phagocytosis?

The Streptococcus pneumoniae capsule is vital for virulence and may inhibit complement activity and phagocytosis. However, there are only limited data on the mechanisms by which the capsule affects complement and the consequences for S. pneumoniae interactions with phagocytes. Using unencapsulated serotype 2 and 4 S.

What function does the capsule have for Streptococcus mutans?

What function does the capsule have for Streptococcus mutans? Streptococcus mutans forms a capsule that allows the bacterium to attach to the surface of a tooth. This results in the formation of a biofilm called plaque.